»ý¹°±â±âºÐ¼®ÇÐ ¼ö¾÷³ëÆ®-5: ¼¼Æ÷±¸¼º¹°Áú-4 (ÇÙ»ê)
- Â÷ ·Ê -
1. ÇÙ»êÀÇ ±¸Á¶
2. DNA ¿°±â¼¿ °áÁ¤-1: Sanger method
3. DNA ¿°±â¼¿ °áÁ¤-2: Maxam-Gilbert method
4. Human genome project
- ° ÀÇ ³» ¿ë -
1. ÇÙ»ê (nucleic aid, DNA & RNA)
(1) DNA¿Í RNA
Â÷ÀÌÁ¡ |
DNA |
RNA |
»ç¿ëµÇ´Â ´ç (sugar) |
deoxyribose |
ribose (DNA¿Í ´Ù¸¥ È¿¼Ò°¡ ÀÛ¿ë) |
»ç¿ëµÇ´Â ¿°±â (base) |
A,C,G + thymine (T) |
A,C,G + uracil (U: T¿Í ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î A¿Í »óº¸ÀûÀÎ ¿°±â) |
»ç½½ÀÇ ±¸¼º |
double strand helix |
single strand (¿¹¿Ü: ¸î viruses)¡æ º¹ÀâÇÑ 2Â÷ 3Â÷ ±¸Á¶ Çü¼º |
ºÐÀÚ·® |
¸Å¿ì Å©´Ù |
°Å´ëºÐÀÚÀ̳ª DNAÀÇ ¼öõ ~ ¼ö¹é¸¸ºÐÀÇ 1 |
¾ÈÁ¤¼º |
»ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ¾ÈÁ¤ |
´ë°³ ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤ (single strandÀ̹ǷÎ) |
¿ªÇÒ/Á¾·ù |
ÇѰ¡Áö (genetic function) |
mRNA (genetic) tRNA, rRNA, ribozyme (functional) |
ÇÕ¼º È¿¼Ò |
DNA polymerase |
RNA polymerase |
ÇÕ¼ºÀç·á |
dATP, dGTP, dCTP, dTTP |
ATP, GTP, CTP, UTP |
(2) RNAÀÇ µÎ °¡Áö ¿ªÇÒ: genetic and functional
1) À¯Àü ÀÛ¿ë: À¯Àü Á¤º¸ÀÇ Àü´Þ (mRNA)
2) ±â´É ÀÛ¿ë
a. ±â´É°ú ±¸Á¶ (rRNA);
b. Àü´Þ (tRNA)
c. Ã˸ŠÀÛ¿ë (RNA enzymes)
(3) DNAÀÇ ÀÏÂ÷±¸Á¶
1) ¿°±â¼ø¼ (base sequence): -A-C-T
2) ¹æÇ⼺: 5¡®¡æ3¡¯
2. DNA ¿°±â¼¿ °áÁ¤-1: Sanger method
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072556781/student_view0/chapter15/animation_quiz_1.html
(Sanger Method)
http://www.biostudio.com/a_sitemap.htm - DNA sequencing
(1) ¿Ã³¸® ¶Ç´Â NaOH¸¦ ½á¼ º¯¼º½ÃŲ ÈÄ ethanol ·Î ±Þ°ÝÈ÷ ħÀü½ÃÅ´.
(2) denature »óÅÂÀÇ ssDNA (single stranded DNA)¸¦ ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖÀ½.
- sequencing primer (DNA)¸¦ ³Ö¾î annealing ½ÃÅ´.
(1) µ¿À§¿ø¼Ò¿Í ³ª¸ÓÁö dNTP ¸¦ ³Ö°í È¿¼Ò¸¦ ³Ö¾îÁÖ¸é »õ·Î¿î DNA °¡´ÚÀÌ ÇÕ¼ºµÊ.
(2) ÀÌ °úÁ¤Àº »õ·Î ÇÕ¼ºµÇ´Â ¸ðµç DNA strand ¸¦ µ¿À§¿ø¼Ò·Î Ç¥ÁöÇϱâ À§ÇÑ °úÁ¤.
(3) ³Ê¹« ±æ°Ô ÇÕ¼ºÀÌ µÇÁö ¾Ê±â À§ÇÏ¿© dNTP¸¦ ³·Àº ³óµµ·Î ³Ö¾î ÁÜ.
(4) ¹ÝÀÀ¼Óµµ¸¦ ½±°Ô Á¶ÀýÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¹ÝÀÀµµ »ó¿Â¿¡¼ ½ÃÇàÇÔ.
(1) DNA strand °¡ ÇÕ¼ºµÇ·Á¸é ¹Ýµå½Ã 3'-OH °¡ ³ëÃâµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÔ.
(2) ddNTP °¡ µé¾î°£ ºÎºÐÀº 3'-H ·Î µÇ¾î ÀÖ°Ô µÇ¹Ç·Î ´õ ÀÌ»ó ÇÕ¼ºÀÌ ¾È ÀϾ.
(3) dNTP °¡ µé¾î°¡´À³Ä ddNTP °¡ µé¾î°¡´À³Ä¿¡ µû¶ó¼ ÇÕ¼ºÀÌ °è¼ÓµÇ°Å³ª ÁßÁöµÊ.
(4) À§ ±×¸²¿¡¼Ã³·³ G ·Î ³¡³ª´Â ÀÚ¸®¿¡¼ ddCTP°¡ µé¾î°¡ ¹ÝÀÀ ÁßÁöµÈ ¸ðµç
strand¸¦ ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖÀ½.
(1) ddATP, ddCTP, ddGTP, ddTTP °¡ µé¾îÀÖ´Â ³× tube ¿¡¼ °¢°¢ÀÇ ¹ÝÀÀÀ» ÁøÇà
(2) °¢ tube ¿¡´Â ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ¿°±â¼¿·Î ³¡³ª´Â ¸ðµç Á¾·ùÀÇ DNA strand °¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ°Ô µÊ
(3) À§ ±×¸²¿¡¼ ddATP ¸¦ ³ÖÀº tube ¿¡¼ ¹ÝÀÀ½Ã۸é tube ¼Ó¿¡´Â ¸ðµÎ ddATP ·Î ³¡³ ¹ÝÀÀ¹°ÀÌ »ý±â°Ô µÇ¸ç,
(4) ÀÌ ¶§ ±× ±æÀÌ¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â ¿ø·¡ DNA (template)ÀÇ ¿°±â ¼¿Àº T ÀÓÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖÀ½.
6. ¹ÝÀÀ¹°ÀÇ Àü±â¿µµ¿
(1) À§¿¡¼ ¾òÀº 4°³ÀÇ ¹ÝÀÀ¹°À» Àü±â¿µµ¿ ÇÔ (7 M urea °¡ Æ÷ÇÔµÈ 8% acrylamide gel)
(3) ÀÌ gelÀº µÎ²²°¡ ¸Å¿ì ¾ã°í acrylamideÀÇ Æ¯¼º»ó ÇϳªÀÇ ¿°±â Â÷À̰¡ À־
À̵¿°Å¸®°¡ ´Þ¶óÁ® Å©±â¸¦ ±¸º°ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½.
(4) ¾Õ¿¡¼ ¹ÝÀÀ½ÃŲ ³× °³ÀÇ tube ¸¦ °¢°¢ Àü±â¿µµ¿½ÃÄÑ ¾Æ·¡¿Í °°Àº °á°ú¸¦ ¾òÀ½
(5) °¢°¢ÀÇ Àü±â¿µµ¿ °á°ú¸¦ Á¾ÇÕÇÏ¿© ¿°±â ¼¿À» ÀÐÀ» ¼ö°¡ ÀÖ°Ô µÊ.
7. ÀÚµ¿ºÐ¼®±â (using fluorescent tags)
8. Âü°í; SDS-PAGE¿Í ÀÚµ¿ºÐ¼®±âÀÇ ºñ±³
3. DNA ¿°±â¼¿ °áÁ¤-2: Maxam-Gilbert method
(1) ÀÌÁß³ª¼± DNAÀÇ ¾ç ³¡¿¡ ¹æ»ç¼± µ¿À§¿ø¼Ò·Î Ç¥½Ã
(2) ÀÌÁß³ª¼± DNA¸¦ ´ÜÀÏ DNA·Î denaturation½ÃŲ ÈÄ¿¡ 4°³ÀÇ Æ©ºê¿¡ ³ª´©¾î ¹ÝÀÀ
(3) °¢ Æ©ºê¿¡ ƯÁ¤ ¿°±â¸¸À» Àý´ÜÇÏ´Â ½Ã¾àÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ssDNA¸¦ ¹«ÀÛÀ§ÀûÀ¸·Î Àý´Ü
(4) Àý´ÜµÈ °¢ ssDNA ¹ÝÀÀ¹°À» Àü±â¿µµ¿ÇÏ¿© ¿°±â¼¿À» ÃßÁ¤
4. Human genome project
(1) Human genome project
1) »ç¶÷ ¸ö ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç À¯ÀüÀÚ¸¦ ÇØµ¶ÇÑ´Ù´Â À̸¥¹Ù Àΰ£°Ô³ð °èȹ
2) ¹Ì±¹À» Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î ¼¼°è °¢±¹¿¡¼ ¿¬±¸°¡ ÁøÇàµÇ¾î Áö³ 2003³â¿¡ Á¾·á
3) »ç¶÷ ¸ö¿¡´Â 3~4¸¸°³ÀÇ À¯ÀüÀÚ°¡ ¾à 30¾ï ¿°±â½ÖÀÇ ¿°»öü DNA¿¡ ±â·Ï
4) ÀÌ¿ë ºÎ¹®
¨ç À¯Àüº´À̳ª ¾Ï µîÀÇ Áúº´ÀÇ Áø´Ü¡¤Ä¡·á
¨è ³ú¡¤½Å°æ°è³ª ¸é¿ª±â±¸ µîÀÇ °íÂ÷¿øÀûÀÎ ±â´ÉÀÇ ÇØ¸í
¨é ÀηùÀÇ ÁøÈ°úÁ¤ÀÇ ÇØ¼® µî¿¡ ¾ø¾î¼´Â ¾È µÉ Á¤º¸
5) ¿¬±¸ Âø¼ö 16³â ¸¸¿¡ Àΰ£ÀÇ 23°³ ¿°»öü¸¦ ÀüºÎ ÇØµ¶Çϴµ¥ ¼º°ø
6) ¾Ë·ÁÁø °Å´ë DNA ¿°±â¼¿ÀÇ ºñ±³
Comparative Sequence Sizes |
(Bases) |
(yeast chromosome 3) |
350 Thousand |
Escherichia coli (bacterium) genome |
4.6 Million |
Largest yeast chromosome now mapped |
5.8 Million |
Entire yeast genome |
15 Million |
Smallest human chromosome (Y) |
50 Million |
Largest human chromosome (1) |
250 Million |
Entire human genome |
3 Billion |
(2) What Does the Draft Human Genome Sequence Tell Us?
1) The human genome contains 3164.7 million chemical nucleotide bases (A, C, T, and G).
2) The average gene consists of 3000 bases, but sizes vary greatly, with the largest known human gene being dystrophin at 2.4 million bases.
3) The total number of genes is estimated at 30,000 —much lower than previous estimates of 80,000 to 140,000.
4) Almost all (99.9%) nucleotide bases are exactly the same in all people.
5) The functions are unknown for over 50% of discovered genes.
6) Less than 2% of the genome codes for proteins.
7) Repeated sequences that do not code for proteins ("junk DNA") make up at least 50% of the human genome.
8) Repetitive sequences are thought to have no direct functions, but they shed light on chromosome structure and dynamics.
9) Over time, these repeats reshape the genome by rearranging it, creating entirely new genes, and modifying and reshuffling existing genes.
9) During the past 50 million years, a dramatic decrease seems to have occurred in the rate of accumulation of repeats in the human genome.