»ý¹°±â±âºÐ¼®ÇÐ ¼ö¾÷³ëÆ®-5: ¼¼Æ÷±¸¼º¹°Áú-4 (ÇÙ»ê)

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1. ÇÙ»êÀÇ ±¸Á¶

2. DNA ¿°±â¼­¿­ °áÁ¤-1: Sanger method

3. DNA ¿°±â¼­¿­ °áÁ¤-2: Maxam-Gilbert method

4. Human genome project



- °­ ÀÇ ³» ¿ë -


1. ÇÙ»ê (nucleic aid, DNA & RNA)

(1) DNA¿Í RNA

Â÷ÀÌÁ¡

DNA

 RNA

»ç¿ëµÇ´Â ´ç

  (sugar)

deoxyribose

ribose 

(DNA¿Í ´Ù¸¥ È¿¼Ò°¡ ÀÛ¿ë)

»ç¿ëµÇ´Â ¿°±â

 (base)

 A,C,G + thymine (T)

A,C,G + uracil

(U: T¿Í ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î A¿Í »óº¸ÀûÀÎ ¿°±â)

»ç½½ÀÇ ±¸¼º

 double strand helix

single strand

(¿¹¿Ü: ¸î viruses)¡æ º¹ÀâÇÑ 2Â÷ 3Â÷ ±¸Á¶ Çü¼º

ºÐÀÚ·®

¸Å¿ì Å©´Ù

°Å´ëºÐÀÚÀ̳ª DNAÀÇ ¼öõ ~ ¼ö¹é¸¸ºÐÀÇ 1

¾ÈÁ¤¼º

»ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ¾ÈÁ¤

´ë°³ ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤

(single strandÀ̹ǷÎ)

¿ªÇÒ/Á¾·ù

ÇѰ¡Áö (genetic function)

mRNA (genetic)

tRNA, rRNA,

ribozyme (functional)

ÇÕ¼º È¿¼Ò

DNA polymerase

RNA polymerase

ÇÕ¼ºÀç·á

dATP, dGTP, dCTP, dTTP

ATP, GTP, CTP, UTP

                                                                    

(2) RNAÀÇ µÎ °¡Áö ¿ªÇÒ: genetic and functional

   1) À¯Àü ÀÛ¿ë: À¯Àü Á¤º¸ÀÇ Àü´Þ (mRNA)

   2) ±â´É ÀÛ¿ë

        a. ±â´É°ú ±¸Á¶ (rRNA);

       b. Àü´Þ (tRNA)

        c. Ã˸ŠÀÛ¿ë (RNA enzymes)


   

(3) DNAÀÇ ÀÏÂ÷±¸Á¶

   1) ¿°±â¼ø¼­ (base sequence): -A-C-T

   2) ¹æÇ⼺: 5¡®¡æ3¡¯

  


2. DNA ¿°±â¼­¿­ °áÁ¤-1: Sanger method


http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072556781/student_view0/chapter15/animation_quiz_1.html

  (Sanger Method)

http://www.biostudio.com/a_sitemap.htm - DNA sequencing


 (1) ¿­Ã³¸® ¶Ç´Â NaOH¸¦ ½á¼­ º¯¼º½ÃŲ ÈÄ ethanol ·Î ±Þ°ÝÈ÷ ħÀü½ÃÅ´.

 (2) denature »óÅÂÀÇ ssDNA (single stranded DNA)¸¦ ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖÀ½.


- sequencing primer (DNA)¸¦ ³Ö¾î annealing ½ÃÅ´.



(1) µ¿À§¿ø¼Ò¿Í ³ª¸ÓÁö dNTP ¸¦ ³Ö°í È¿¼Ò¸¦ ³Ö¾îÁÖ¸é »õ·Î¿î DNA °¡´ÚÀÌ ÇÕ¼ºµÊ.

(2) ÀÌ °úÁ¤Àº »õ·Î ÇÕ¼ºµÇ´Â ¸ðµç DNA strand ¸¦ µ¿À§¿ø¼Ò·Î Ç¥ÁöÇϱâ À§ÇÑ °úÁ¤.

(3) ³Ê¹« ±æ°Ô ÇÕ¼ºÀÌ µÇÁö ¾Ê±â À§ÇÏ¿© dNTP¸¦ ³·Àº ³óµµ·Î ³Ö¾î ÁÜ.

(4) ¹ÝÀÀ¼Óµµ¸¦ ½±°Ô Á¶ÀýÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¹ÝÀÀµµ »ó¿Â¿¡¼­ ½ÃÇàÇÔ.



(1) DNA strand °¡ ÇÕ¼ºµÇ·Á¸é ¹Ýµå½Ã 3'-OH °¡ ³ëÃâµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÔ.

(2) ddNTP °¡ µé¾î°£ ºÎºÐÀº 3'-H ·Î µÇ¾î ÀÖ°Ô µÇ¹Ç·Î ´õ ÀÌ»ó ÇÕ¼ºÀÌ ¾È ÀϾ.

(3) dNTP °¡ µé¾î°¡´À³Ä ddNTP °¡ µé¾î°¡´À³Ä¿¡ µû¶ó¼­ ÇÕ¼ºÀÌ °è¼ÓµÇ°Å³ª ÁßÁöµÊ.

(4) À§ ±×¸²¿¡¼­Ã³·³ G ·Î ³¡³ª´Â ÀÚ¸®¿¡¼­ ddCTP°¡ µé¾î°¡ ¹ÝÀÀ ÁßÁöµÈ ¸ðµç

 strand¸¦ ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖÀ½.


(1) ddATP, ddCTP, ddGTP, ddTTP °¡ µé¾îÀÖ´Â ³× tube ¿¡¼­ °¢°¢ÀÇ ¹ÝÀÀÀ» ÁøÇà

(2) °¢ tube ¿¡´Â ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ¿°±â¼­¿­·Î ³¡³ª´Â ¸ðµç Á¾·ùÀÇ DNA strand °¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ°Ô µÊ

(3)  À§ ±×¸²¿¡¼­ ddATP ¸¦ ³ÖÀº tube ¿¡¼­ ¹ÝÀÀ½Ã۸é tube ¼Ó¿¡´Â ¸ðµÎ ddATP ·Î ³¡³­ ¹ÝÀÀ¹°ÀÌ »ý±â°Ô µÇ¸ç,

(4) ÀÌ ¶§ ±× ±æÀÌ¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â ¿ø·¡ DNA (template)ÀÇ ¿°±â ¼­¿­Àº T ÀÓÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖÀ½.


   6. ¹ÝÀÀ¹°ÀÇ Àü±â¿µµ¿

(1) À§¿¡¼­ ¾òÀº 4°³ÀÇ ¹ÝÀÀ¹°À» Àü±â¿µµ¿ ÇÔ (7 M urea °¡ Æ÷ÇÔµÈ 8% acrylamide gel)

(3) ÀÌ gelÀº µÎ²²°¡ ¸Å¿ì ¾ã°í acrylamideÀÇ Æ¯¼º»ó ÇϳªÀÇ ¿°±â Â÷À̰¡ À־ 

   À̵¿°Å¸®°¡ ´Þ¶óÁ® Å©±â¸¦ ±¸º°ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½.

(4) ¾Õ¿¡¼­ ¹ÝÀÀ½ÃŲ ³× °³ÀÇ tube ¸¦ °¢°¢ Àü±â¿µµ¿½ÃÄÑ ¾Æ·¡¿Í °°Àº °á°ú¸¦ ¾òÀ½

(5) °¢°¢ÀÇ Àü±â¿µµ¿ °á°ú¸¦ Á¾ÇÕÇÏ¿© ¿°±â ¼­¿­À» ÀÐÀ» ¼ö°¡ ÀÖ°Ô µÊ.

  


   7. ÀÚµ¿ºÐ¼®±â (using fluorescent tags)


   8. Âü°í; SDS-PAGE¿Í ÀÚµ¿ºÐ¼®±âÀÇ ºñ±³

   


3. DNA ¿°±â¼­¿­ °áÁ¤-2: Maxam-Gilbert method

(1) ÀÌÁß³ª¼± DNAÀÇ ¾ç ³¡¿¡ ¹æ»ç¼± µ¿À§¿ø¼Ò·Î Ç¥½Ã

(2) ÀÌÁß³ª¼± DNA¸¦ ´ÜÀÏ DNA·Î denaturation½ÃŲ ÈÄ¿¡ 4°³ÀÇ Æ©ºê¿¡ ³ª´©¾î ¹ÝÀÀ

(3) °¢ Æ©ºê¿¡ ƯÁ¤ ¿°±â¸¸À» Àý´ÜÇÏ´Â ½Ã¾àÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ssDNA¸¦ ¹«ÀÛÀ§ÀûÀ¸·Î Àý´Ü

(4) Àý´ÜµÈ °¢ ssDNA ¹ÝÀÀ¹°À» Àü±â¿µµ¿ÇÏ¿© ¿°±â¼­¿­À» ÃßÁ¤

 

    



4. Human genome project

(1) Human genome project

   1) »ç¶÷ ¸ö ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç À¯ÀüÀÚ¸¦ ÇØµ¶ÇÑ´Ù´Â À̸¥¹Ù Àΰ£°Ô³ð °èȹ

   2) ¹Ì±¹À» Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î ¼¼°è °¢±¹¿¡¼­ ¿¬±¸°¡ ÁøÇàµÇ¾î Áö³­ 2003³â¿¡ Á¾·á

   3) »ç¶÷ ¸ö¿¡´Â 3~4¸¸°³ÀÇ À¯ÀüÀÚ°¡ ¾à 30¾ï ¿°±â½ÖÀÇ ¿°»öü DNA¿¡ ±â·Ï

   4) ÀÌ¿ë ºÎ¹®

      ¨ç À¯Àüº´À̳ª ¾Ï µîÀÇ Áúº´ÀÇ Áø´Ü¡¤Ä¡·á

      ¨è ³ú¡¤½Å°æ°è³ª ¸é¿ª±â±¸ µîÀÇ °íÂ÷¿øÀûÀÎ ±â´ÉÀÇ ÇØ¸í

      ¨é ÀηùÀÇ ÁøÈ­°úÁ¤ÀÇ ÇØ¼® µî¿¡ ¾ø¾î¼­´Â ¾È µÉ Á¤º¸


   5) ¿¬±¸ Âø¼ö 16³â ¸¸¿¡ Àΰ£ÀÇ 23°³ ¿°»öü¸¦ ÀüºÎ ÇØµ¶Çϴµ¥ ¼º°ø

   6) ¾Ë·ÁÁø °Å´ë DNA ¿°±â¼­¿­ÀÇ ºñ±³

   

Comparative Sequence Sizes

(Bases)

(yeast chromosome 3)

350 Thousand

Escherichia coli (bacterium) genome

4.6 Million

Largest yeast chromosome now mapped

5.8 Million

Entire yeast genome

15 Million

Smallest human chromosome (Y)

50 Million

Largest human chromosome (1)

250 Million

Entire human genome

3 Billion



(2) What Does the Draft Human Genome Sequence Tell Us?

   1) The human genome contains 3164.7 million chemical nucleotide bases (A, C, T, and G).

   2) The average gene consists of 3000 bases, but sizes vary greatly, with the largest known human gene being dystrophin at 2.4 million bases.

   3) The total number of genes is estimated at 30,000 —much lower than previous estimates of 80,000 to 140,000.

   4) Almost all (99.9%) nucleotide bases are exactly the same in all people.

   5) The functions are unknown for over 50% of discovered genes.

   6) Less than 2% of the genome codes for proteins.

   7) Repeated sequences that do not code for proteins ("junk DNA") make up at least 50% of the human genome.

   8) Repetitive sequences are thought to have no direct functions, but they shed light on chromosome structure and dynamics.

   9) Over time, these repeats reshape the genome by rearranging it, creating entirely new genes, and modifying and reshuffling existing genes.

   9) During the past 50 million years, a dramatic decrease seems to have occurred in the rate of accumulation of repeats in the human genome.