Home Email
 
±³ ¼ö
Professor
¿¬ ±¸
Research
Àú¼­ ¹× ³í¹®
Publications
¸â ¹ö
Members
 
¿¬±¸½Ç ¼Ò½Ä
Group News
 
 
¿¬ °á
Links
 

 
 
Publications    
 
Papers and Books
     
 

J. Oh, Y. Choi, J. Shin, K. Kim, and J. K. Lee,"Synergistic shape selectivity of H-Beta and H-ZSM-5 for Xylene-rich BTX production by hydrocracking of heavy-aromatic compounds", Fuel Process. Technol., 2023, in press.

C. Young, W. Choi, H. Kim, J.W. Bae, and J. K. Lee,"Reduction kinetics of porous silicon synthesis for lithium battery anodes", Electrochimica Acta, 2023, 454, 142374

H. Park, J. Oh, T.-B. Nguyen, and J. K. Lee,"Hydrogen storage and release characteristics of polycyclic aromatic by-products for LOHC system", 2022, 636, 118583.

J. K. Lee, N. Yoon, D. Kang, "Preparation Methods of Porous Silicon and Anode Material Containing the Same
for Secondary Batteries", 2021, KR patent 10-2313157.

J. K. Lee, J. Shin, Y. Choi, S.-C. Chang, H. J. Kang, D. I. Kang, "Hydrocracking catalysts for the production of light alkyl-aromatic hydrocarbons, preparation method thereof and method for producing light alkyl-aromatic hydrocarbons using the same", 2021, US Patent US11091411B2.

H. Park, and J. K. Lee,"Silicon/carbon composites having bimodal mesopores for high capacity and stable Li-ion battery anodes", Clean Technol., 2021, 27(3), 223-231.

N. Yoon, C. H. Young, D. Kang, H. Park, and J. K. Lee,"High-Conversion Reduction Synthesis of Porous Silicon for Advanced Lithium Battery Anodes", Electrochimica Acta, 2021, 391, 138967.

J. Choi, W. J. Byun. D.Kang, and J. K. Lee,"Porous Manganese Oxide Networks as High-Capacity and High-Rate Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries", Energies, 2021, 14, 1299.

H. Park, N. Yoon, D. Kang, C. H. Young, and J. K. Lee,"Electrochemical Characteristics and Energy Densities of Lithium-Ion Batteries using Mesoporous Silicon and Graphite as Anodes", Electrochimica Acta, 2020, 357, 136870.

J. K. Lee, N. Kim, H. Park, N. Yoon, "PREPARATION METHOD OF POROUS SILICON-CARBON COMPOSITE AND THE ANODE MATERICAL FOR A SECONDARY BATTERY USING THE SAME", 2020, KR patent 10-2244771, Registered.

Y. Oh, H. Noh, H. Park, H. Han, T. B. Nguyen and J. K. Lee,"Molecular-size selective hydroconversion of FCC light cycle oil into light aromatic hydrocarbons", Catal. Today, 2020, 352, 329-336.

J. K. Lee, N. Yoon, D. Kang, "Preparation Methods of Porous Silicon and Anode Material Containing the Same
for Secondary Batteries", 2020, KR patent 10-2020-0036981.

J. K. Lee et al. "Selective hydrotreating method for preparing light aromatic hydrocarbons from polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons with high nitrogen content", 2020, KR patent 10-2063798, Registered.

J. K. Lee et al. "HYDROCRACKING CATALYST FOR PREPARING LIGHT AROMATIC HYDROCARBON, METHOD FOR PREPARING SAME AND METHOD FOR PREPARING LIGHT AROMATIC HYDROCARBON BY USING SAME", US Patent, Application No. 16/345,085, 2019.

Y. Oh, J. Shin, H. Noh, C. Kim, Y.-S. Kim, Y.-K. Lee and J. K. Lee,"Selective hydrotreating and hydrocracking of FCC light cycle oil into high-value light aromatic hydrocarbons", Appl. Catal. A, 2019,577, 86-98.

Harold Kung, J. K. Lee, "Electrode Materials Comprising Graphene-Composite Materials in a Graphite Network", US Patent, 2019, US 10,199,642 B2.

B. J. Kwon, Y. Oh, J. K. Lee, "Molecular size-selective hydrocracking catalysts for the production of light aromatic hydrocarbons from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons", 2019, KR patent 10-2019-0017559.

Y. Choi, N. Yoon, N. Kim, C. Oh, H. Park and J. K. Lee,"Discrete Hollow Carbon Spheres Derived from Pyrolytic Polymer Beads for Li-S Battery Cathodes", J. Electrochem. Soc., 2019, 166(3) A5099-A5108.

J. K. Lee, J. Shin, Y. Choi, S.-C. Chang, H. J. Kang, D. I. Kang, "Hydrocracking catalysts for the production of light alkyl-aromatic hydrocarbons, preparation method thereof and method for producing light alkyl-aromatic hydrocarbons using the same", 2018, KR patent 10-1895497 Registered.

S-Y. Lee, Y. Choi, K-S. Hong, J. K. Lee, J-Y. Kim, J-S. Bae, E. Duck Jeong, "Influence of EDTA in poly(acrylic acid) binder for enhancing electrochemical performance and thermal stability of silicon anode" Applied Surface Science, 2018, 447, 442-451.

N. Kim, H. Park, N. Yoon, and J. K. Lee,"Zeolite-Templated Mesoporous Silicon Particles for Advanced Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes", ACS Nano, 2018, 12, 3853-3864.

J. K. Lee, C. Oh, "Manufacturing sulfur-carbon composites with high sulfur dispersion", 2018, KR patent 10-1820867 Registered.

M.-G. Jeong, H. L. Du, M. Islam, J. K. Lee, Y.-K. Sun, and H.-G. Jung, "Self-rearrangement of silicon nanoparticles embedded in micron carbon sphere framework for high-energy and long-life lithium-ion batteries", Nano Letters,, 2017, 17, 5600-5606.

J. K. Lee, N. Kim, H. Park, N. Yoon, "PREPARATION METHOD OF POROUS SILICON-CARBON COMPOSITE AND THE ANODE MATERICAL FOR A SECONDARY BATTERY USING THE SAME", 2017, KR patent 10-2017-0107905.

J. Shin, Y. Oh, Y. Choi, J. Lee and J. K. Lee,"Design of Selective Hydrocracking Catalysts for BTX Production from Diesel-Boiling-Rnage Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons", Appl. Catal. A, 2017, 547, 12-21.

C. Oh, N. Yoon, J. Choi, Y. Choi, S. Kim, and J. K. Lee,"Enhanced Li-S Battery Performance Based on Solution-Impregnation-Assisted Sulfur/Mesoporous Carbon Cathodes and a Carbon-Coated Separator", 2017, J. Mater. Chem. A, 5, 5750.

N. Kim, C. Oh, J. Kim, J.-S. Kim, E. D. Jeong, J.-S. Bae, T. E. Hong, and J. K. Lee,"High-performance Li-ion battery anodes based on silicon-graphene self-assemblies", 2017, J. Electrochem. Soc., 164(1), A6057-A6083.

J. K. Lee, J. Shin, Y. Choi, S.-C. Chang, H. J. Kang, D. I. Kang, "Hydrocracking catalysts for the production of light alkyl-aromatic hydrocarbons, preparation method thereof and method for producing light alkyl-aromatic hydrocarbons using the same", 2016, KR patent 10-2016-0140129.

D.-H. Yeom, J. Choi, Woo Jin Byun, and J. K. Lee*, "Manganese oxides nanocrystals supported on mesoporous carbon microspheres for energy storage application",2016, KJChE, 33(10), 3029-3034.

J. K. Lee, C. Oh, "Manufacturing sulfur-carbon composites with high sulfur dispersion", 2016, KR patent 10-2016-0110062.

J. K. Lee, C. Oh, N. Kim, J.-Y. Hwang and Y.-K. Sun, "Rational design of silicon-based composites for high-energy storage devices", 2016, J. Mater. Chem. A, 4, 5366-5384.

D. Kim, S. Lee, J. Lee, Y. Choi, J. Shin, and J. K. Lee, "Syngas Conversion beyond Chemical Equilibrium by in situ Bimolecular Reaction", 2016, Res. Chem. Intermed.. 42, 249-267.

J. Lee, Y. Choi, J. Shin, and J. K. Lee, "Selectivey Hydrocracking of Tetralin for Light Aromatic Hydrocarbons", 2016, Catal. Today, 265, 144-153.

J. Kim, C. Oh, C. Chae, D.-H. Yeom, J. Choi, N. Kim, E.-S. Oh, and J. K. Lee,"3D Si/C particulate nanocomposites internally wired with graphene networks for high energy and stable batteries", 2015, J. Mater. Chem. A, 3, 18684-18695.

H. Jung, H. Song, T. Kim, J. K. Lee, J. Kim, " FeF3 microspheres anchored on reduced graphene oxide as a high performance cathode material for lithium ion batteries", 2015, J. Alloys & Compounds 647, 750-755.

Y. K. Kim, J. K. Lee, J. Kim, " FeF3 Nanoparticles Embedded in Activated Carbon Foam (ACF) as a Cathode Material with Enhanced Electrochemical Performance for Lithium Ion Batteries ", 2015, Bull. Korean Chem Soc. 36(7), 1878-1884.

Y. Choi, J. Lee, J. Shin, S. Lee, D. Kim, and J. K. Lee, "Selectivey Hydroconversion of Naphthalenes into Light Alkyl-Aromatic Hydrocarbons", 2015, Appl. Catal. A: General. 492, 140-150.

H. Park, D.-H. Yeom, J. Kim, and J. K. Lee*, "MnO/C Nanocomposite Prepared by One-Pot Hydrothermal Reaction for High Performance Lithium-ion Battery Anodes", KJChE, 2015, 32(1), 178-183.

J. K. Lee, C. Chae, H. Park "NANO PARTICLE-GRAPHENE-CARBON COMPOSITES CONTAINING
INTERNALLY DISPERSED GRAPHENE, METHOD FOR PREPARING THE COMPOSITE, AND APPLICATION THEREOF" KR patent 10-1478160, 2014, Registered

J. Lee, Y. Choi, J. Shin, S.-C. Chang, H. J. Kang, D. I. Kang, J. K. Lee, "Hydrocracking catalysts for light alkyl-aromatic hydrocarbons, method for the preparation thereof and method for process for preparing light alkyl-aromatic
hydrocarbons having the high content of xylene using the hydrocracking catalysts", KR patent 10-2014-0175029, 2014.

S. Kim, K. Y. Lee, Y. S. Lee, H. G. Jang, J. K. Lee*, "and S. K. Lee*, "Preparation and catalytic application of Mn(III)-porphyrin based micro sized porous coordination polymers", J. Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines, 2014, 18, 579-584.

C. Chae, H.-J. Noh, J. K. Lee*, and Y.-K. Sun*, "A High-energy Li-ion Battery Using a Silicon-based Anode and a Nano-structured Layered Composite Cathode", Adv. Funct. Mater,, 2014, 24, 3036-3042.

C. J. Song, H. J. Kang, D. I. Kang, Y. Choi, J. Kim, J. K. Lee, "Catalyst for Selective hydrogenation of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons and the preparation thereof", KR patent 10-2013-0154753, 2013.

T. Yoon, J. Kim, J.-K. Kim, and J. K. Lee, "Electrostatic Self-Assembly of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles on Graphene Oxides for High Capacity Li-ion Battery Anodes", Energies, 2013, 6, 4830-4840.

D.-W. Jung, K.-H. Kim, J. K. Lee, B.-S. Kong, and E.-S. Oh, "In Situ Synthesis and Cell Performance of a Si/C Core-Shell/Ball-Milled Graphite Composite for Lithium Ion Batteries", J. Nanosci. Nanotech., 2013, 13(12), 7855-7859.

H. Jung, J. Shin, C. Chae, J. K. Lee, and J. Kim, "FeF3/Ordered Mesoporous Carbon (OMC) Nanocomposites for Lithium Ion Batteries with Enhanced Electrochemical Performance", J. Phys. Chem. C, 2013, 117, 14939-14946.

S. Lee, D. Kim, J. Lee, Y. Choi, Y.-W. Suh, C. Lee, T.-J. Park, S. J. Lee, and J. K. Lee, "An in situ methylation of toluene using syngas over bifunctional mixture of Cr2O3/ZnO and HZSM-5", Appl. Catal. A: General. 2013, 466, 90-97.

C. Chae, H. Park, D. Kim, J. Kim, E.-S. Oh, J. K. Lee, "A Li-ion battery using LiMn2O4 cathode and MnOx/C anode"J. Power Sources, 2013, 244, 214-221.

J. K. Lee, C. Chae, H. Park "NANO PARTICLE-GRAPHENE-CARBON COMPOSITES CONTAINING INTERNALLY DISPERSED GRAPHENE, METHOD FOR PREPARING THE COMPOSITE, AND APPLICATION THEREOF" KR patent 10-2012-0151846, 2012.

C. Chae, J. Kim, J. M. Kim, S.-Y. Sun, J. K. Lee, "Highly reversible conversion-capacity of MnOx-loaded ordered mesoporous carbon nanorods for lithium-ion battery anodes", J. Mater. Chem., 2012, 22, 17870 - 17877.

K.-H. Kim, D.-W. Jung, V. H. Phama, J. S. Chung, B.-S. Kong, J. K. Lee, K. Kim, E.-S. Oh, "Performance enhancement of Li-ion batteries by the addition of metal oxides (CuO, Co3O4)/solvothermally reduced graphene oxide composites", Electrochimica Acta, 2012, 69, 358-363.

D.-W. Jung, J.-H. Jeong, B.-S. Kong, J. K. Lee, and E.-S. Oh, "Preparation of Nano-Sized Graphite-Supported CuO and Cu–Sn as Active Materials in Lithium Ion Batteries", J. Nanosci. Nanotech., 2012, 12, 3317-3321.

J.-H. Jeong, D.-W. Jung, B.-S. Kong, J. K. Lee, and E.-S. Oh, "Nano-sized Co and Sn-Co alloy/graphite composites for application to lithium ion batteries," J. Ceramic Proc. Res., 2011, 12(2), 105-109.

T. Yoon, C. Chae, Y.-K. Sun, H. H. Kung, and J. K. Lee, "Bottom-up In situ Formation of Fe3O4 Nanocrystals in a Porous Carbon-Foam for Lithium-Ion Battery Anode"J. Mater. Chem., 2011, 21(43), 17325 - 17330.

T. Yoon, M. Cho, Y.-W. Suh, E.-S. Oh, and J. K. Lee, "Reassembled Graphene-Platelets Encapsulated Silicon Nanoparticles for Li-ion Battery Anodes" J. Nanosci. Nanotech., 2011, 11, 10193-10200.

T. Yoon, M. Cho, Y.-K. Sun, J. K. Lee, "One-Pot Synthesis of Alkyl-Terminated Silicon Nanoparticles by Solution Reduction" Korean Chem. Eng. Res., 2011, 49(5), 577.

H. M. Kim,J. K. Lee, Heon Sang Lee, "Transparent and high gas barrier films based on poly(vinylalcohol)/ graphene oxide composites" Thin Solid Films, 2011, 519, 7766-7771

H.-G. Kim, S.-T. Myung, J. K. Lee, and Y.-K. Sun, "Effects of manganese and cobalt on the electrochemical and thermal properties of layeredLi[Ni0.52Co0.16+xMn0.32?x]O2 cathode materials" J. Power Sources, 2011, 196, 6710-6715.

D. Kim, S. Lee, and J. K. Lee, "Review on the Hydrocracking/Hydroisomerization Catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch Waxes" Catalysis, 2011, 27(1), 33-43

K.-S. Lee, S.-T. Myung, H.-G. Jung, J. K. Lee, Y.-K. Sun, "Spinel lithium manganese oxide synthesized under a pressurized oxygen atmosphere" Electrochimica Acta, 2010, 55, 8397-8401

Y.-W. Suh, J. K. Lee, "Research on the synthesis of heterogeneous enzymatic catalysts" Catalysis, 2010, 26(2), 1-9

J. K. Lee, Kurt B. Smith, Cary M. Hayner, and Harold H. Kung ¡°Silicon Nanoparticles-Graphene Paper Composite for Li Ion Battery Anodes¡± Chem. Commun. 2010, 46(12), 2025-2027.

Tae-Gyun Yoon, Mi-Kyung Cho, Harold H. Kung and J. K. Lee, "Highly Dispersed Silicon Particles in Nanostructured Carbon for Li-Ion Battery Anodes", Chemical Industry and Technology, 2009, 9(1), 1-4

Tae-gyun Yoon, Sung-hyun Choi, Myung-hwan Bae, Mi-kyung Cho and J. K. Lee ¡°Synthesis Methods of Silicon Nanoparticles and Its Applications (Review Article)", News and Informations for Chemical Engineers, 2009, 27(5), 541-546

J. K. Lee, Mayfair C. Kung, Lynn Trahey, Michael Missaghi, and Harold H. Kung ¡°Nanocomposites Derived from Phenol-Functionalized Si Nanoparticles for High Performance Lithium Ion Battery Anodes¡± Chem Mater. 2009, 21, 6-8.

Juan D. Henao, Young-Woong Suh,J. K. Lee, Mayfair C. Kung and Harold H. Kung, ¡°Striking Confinement Effect: AuCl4- Binding to Amines in a Nanocage Cavity¡± J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130(48), 16142-16143.

J. K. Lee, Mayfair C. Kung and Harold H. Kung ¡°Cooperative Catalysis: A New Development in Heterogeneous Catalysis¡± Top. Catal. 2008, 49, 136-144

J. K. Lee, Mayfair C. Kung, Young-Woong Suh, Harold H. Kung, ¡°Discrete Molecular-size Nanocages Derived from Disintegratable Dendrimer Templates¡± Chem. Mater. 2008, 20, 373-375.

J. K. Lee, Harold H. Kung and Lyle F. Mockros ¡°Microchannel Technologies for Artificial Lung: (1) Theory¡±, ASAIO J, 2008, 54, 372-382.

Mayfair C. Kung, J. K. Lee, Harold H. Kung and Lyle F. Mockros ¡°Microchannel Technologies for Artificial Lung: (2) Screen-filled Wide Rectangular Channels¡± ASAIO J, 2008, 54, 383-389.

J. K. Lee, Mayfair C. Kung, Harold H. Kung and Lyle F. Mockros ¡°Microchannel Technologies for Artificial Lung: (3) Open Rectangular Channels¡±, ASAIO J, 2008, 54, 390-395.

J. K. Lee, Young-Woong Suh, Mayfair C. Kung, Christopher M. Downing, Harold H. Kung, ¡°Efficient Synthesis of Immolative Carbamate Dendrimer with Olefinic Periphery¡± Tetrahedron Lett. 48, 4919-4923 (2007).

Jong-Hun Jung, J. K. Lee, Jin-Ku Kim and Hyun-Ku Rhee, ¡°p-Selectivity of the Al-MFI Substitutional Series in Alkylation of Toluene,¡± Korean J. Chem. Eng., 17(4), 461-467 (2000).

J. K. Lee and Hyun-Ku Rhee, ¡°Sulfur Tolerance of Zeolite Beta-Supported Pd-Pt Catalysts for the Isomerization of n-Hexane,¡± J. Catal., 177, 208-216 (1998).

J. K. Lee and Hyun-Ku Rhee, ¡°Characteristics of Pt/H-Beta and Pt/H-Mordenite catalysts for the isomerization of n-hexane,¡± Catalysis Today, 38, 235-242 (1997).

J. K. Lee and Hyun-Ku Rhee, ¡°Effect of Metal/Acid Balance in Pt-Loaded Large Pore Zeolites on the Hydroisomerization of n-Hexane and n-Heptane,¡± Korean J. Chem. Eng., 14(6), 451-458 (1997).

J. K. Lee and Hyun-Ku Rhee, ¡°Isomerization of n-Hexane over Pt-loaded zeolite catalysts¡± React. Kinet. Catal. Lett., 57(2), 323-337 (1996).

J. K. Lee, and Hyun-Ku Rhee, ¡°Isomerization of n-Hexane over Pt-zeolite¡± Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 57(2), 323-337 (1996).

Se-Ho Park, J. K. Lee, and Hyun-Ku Lee, ¡°A Study on the Transalkylation of Toluene and Trimethylbenzene over Zeolite Catalysts,¡± Report of Research Institute of Engineering Science, 16(1) 65-71 (1996).

J. K. Leeand Hyun-Ku Rhee, ¡°A Review of Zeolite Catalytic Processes, ¡° Catalysis, 10(2) 5-18 (1994).

Jun-Won Lee,J. K. Lee and Hyun-Ku Rhee, ¡°Aromatization of n-Hexane over Modified ZSM-5 Catalysts. I. Effect of the Si/Al Ratio of HZSM-5 Catalyst,¡± Hwahak Konghak, 32(2), 248-255 (1994).

PATENTs

J. K. Lee, N. Yoon, D. Kang, "Preparation Methods of Porous Silicon and Anode Material Containing the Same
for Secondary Batteries", 2021, KR patent 10-2313157.

J. K. Lee, J. Shin, Y. Choi, S.-C. Chang, H. J. Kang, D. I. Kang, "Hydrocracking catalysts for the production of light alkyl-aromatic hydrocarbons, preparation method thereof and method for producing light alkyl-aromatic hydrocarbons using the same", 2021, US Patent US11091411B2.

J. K. Lee, N. Kim, H. Park, N. Yoon, "PREPARATION METHOD OF POROUS SILICON-CARBON COMPOSITE AND THE ANODE MATERICAL FOR A SECONDARY BATTERY USING THE SAME", 2020, KR patent 10-2244771, Registered.

J. K. Lee et al. "Selective hydrotreating method for preparing light aromatic hydrocarbons from polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons with high nitrogen content", 2020, KR patent 10-2063798,

J. K. Lee, J. Shin, Y. Choi, S.-C. Chang, H. J. Kang, D. I. Kang, "Hydrocracking catalysts for the production of light alkyl-aromatic hydrocarbons, preparation method thereof and method for producing light alkyl-aromatic hydrocarbons using the same", 2018, KR patent 10-1895497.

J. K. Lee, C. Oh, "Manufacturing sulfur-carbon composites with high sulfur dispersion", 2018, KR patent 10-1820867.

J. K. Lee, Y. Choi, J. Lee, J. Shin, S.-C. Chang, H. J. Kang, D. I. Kang, "Hydrocracking catalysts for light alkyl-aromatic hydrocarbons, method for the preparation thereof and method for process for preparing light alkyl-aromatic
hydrocarbons having the high content of xylene using the hydrocracking catalysts", 2016, KR patent 10-1665577.

J. K. Lee, Y. Choi, J. Lee, C.-J. Song, H. J. Kang, D. I. Kang, "Catalyst for Selective hydrogenation of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons and the preparation thereof", 2015, KR patent 10-1528158.

J. K. Lee, C. Chae, H. Park "NANO PARTICLE-GRAPHENE-CARBON COMPOSITES CONTAINING
INTERNALLY DISPERSED GRAPHENE, METHOD FOR PREPARING THE COMPOSITE, AND APPLICATION THEREOF" 2014, KR patent 10-1478160
.

Harold H. Kung and J. K. Lee, "Electrode Materials Comprising Graphene-Composite Materials in a Graphite Network" 2014, US Patent US 8,778,538 B2.

Harold H. Kung and J. K. Lee, "Electrode Materials Comprising Graphene-Composite Materials in a Graphite Network Formed from Reconstituted Graphene Sheets" US Patent US 2011/0111303 A1, WO 2011057074  (A2) and (A3), 2011.

BOOK and BOOK CHAPTER

B. D. Chandler, J. K. Lee, H.H. Kung and M.C. Kung, ¡°Use of dendrimer templates in catalyst design¡± in ¡°Design of Heterogeneous Catalysts: New Approaches based on Synthesis, Characterization and Modelling¡±, January 2009, ISBN-10: 3-527-32079-2, Wiley-VCH Weinheim.

È­°øÀ¯Ã¼¿ªÇÐ, ±èÈñÅÃ, ±è¹ü¼ö, ÀÌ¿ÏÁø, ÀÌÁ¤±Ô, È«Á¤¼÷ °ø¿ª, ÇÑƼ¹Ìµð¾î 2012. 9 (Fluid Mechanics for Chemical Engineers, 3rd Ed. by Noel de Nevers, McGraw-Hill).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
     
Copyright @ 2009 Dong-A University All rights reserved.